Influence of Societal Beliefs on Emotional Well-Being of Single Mothers: A Case of Selected Churches in Mombasa County

Authors

  • Teresia Wamaitha Mungai Kenya Methodist University

Keywords:

societal beliefs, emotional well-being, stigma, cultural practices, and stereotyping

Abstract

The study aimed to determine the effects of societal beliefs on the emotional well-being of single mothers in selected churches in Mombasa County. The study specifically sought to determine the influence of societal values, stigma, cultural practices, and stereotyping on the emotional well-being of single mothers among selected churches in Mombasa County. The target population of this study comprised 4 selected churches in Mombasa: CITAM, Crossroads, Mombasa Pentecostal Church, and PCEA Milele. The specific respondents were 367 single mothers from each church. The sample comprised 191 single mothers from churches in Mombasa. The study collected primary data. This data was collected using questionnaires. Questionnaires were organized systematically to facilitate analysis. The study used Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 for data analysis. Data were analyzed using quantitative techniques, including percentages, standard deviation, and multivariate regression. The qualitative data (open-ended questions) were used to allow respondents to give their explanations. Descriptive statistics, such as frequencies, percentages, and measures of central tendency, were used to describe the collected data.  It is expected that societal values, stigma, religious practices, and stereotyping affect the emotional well-being of single mothers.

References

Acoba, E. F. (2024). Social support and mental health: the mediating role of perceived stress—frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1330720.

Adams, P. (2006). Exploring social constructivism: Theories and practicalities. Education, 34(3), 243–257.

Ahmed, I., & Ishtiaq, S. (2021). Reliability and Validity: Importance in Medical Research. Methods, 12(1), 2401–2406.

Amunga, C. N. (2020). The impact of cultural beliefs on mental health: A worldview from selected communities in western Kenya. East African Journal of Traditions, Culture and Religion, 2(1), 34–38.

Ayebare, E., Lavender, T., Mweteise, J., Nabisere, A., Nendela, A., Mukhwana, R. & Mills, T. A. (2021). The impact of cultural beliefs and practices on parents’ experiences of bereavement following stillbirth: a qualitative study in Uganda and Kenya. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 21(1), 443.

Aziz, M. Ismail, M., Rabu, N., Ibrahim, K., Ayub, M. S., & Abd Malib, M. (2024). Mental Well-Being of Single Mothers: A Preliminary Review of Issues and Challenges

Dey, T., & Cebulla, A. (2023). Mental health of single mothers in Australia. Journal of Public Mental Health, 22(2), 73–82.

Dharani, M. K., & Balamurugan, J. (2024). The psychosocial impact on single mothers’ well-being: A literature review. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 13(1), 148.

Essien, A. M., & Bassey, A. A. (2022). The social and religious challenges of single mothers in Nigeria. American Journal of Social Issues and Humanities, 2(4), 240–251.

Fife-Schaw, C. (2020). Questionnaire design. Research methods in psychology, 343–374.

Ghani, F. B., Ibrahim, F. A., Abd Aziz, A., & Mahfar, M. (2021). Relationship between the belief system and the emotional well-being of single mothers. Asian Social Science, 11(27), 28.

Horak, S. L. (2021). Hope, Stigma, and Single Mothers Enrolled in Iowa’s Childcare Assistance Program: A Phenomenological Exploration. Doctoral dissertation, Creighton University.

Kan, V., Ngo, D. L., & Wong, J. M. (2023). Determinants of psychological well-being among single young adults in Malaysia: Attitudes towards singlehood, stereotypes and social support. Doctoral dissertation, UTAR.

Karunanayake, D. D. K. S., Aysha, M. N., & Vimukthi, N. (2021). The psychological well-being of single mothers with school age children: An exploratory study. Int. J. Sci. Res. Sci. Technol, 8(1), 16-37.

Kathenya, B. M. (2021). Single Women and the Church: The Experiences of single women in the Methodist Church in Kenya. Master's thesis.

Kim, A., Jeon, S., & Song, J. (2023). Self-stigma and mental health in divorced single-parent women: mediating effect of self-esteem. Behavioral Sciences, 13(9), 744.

Kissman, K., & Allen, L. (2019). Educational programs and societal perceptions of single mothers. Journal of Educational Sociology, 23(2), 134-149.

Kitui, S. K. (2016). Influence of Cultural Practices on the Wellbeing of Women Refugees in Ifo 1 Camp Dadaab Kenya.

Kubai, E. G. (2023). The Experiences of Unmarried Single Mothers in the Methodist Church in Kenya. Master's thesis.

Lai, H. J. (2022). Social stigma and management strategies of unmarried single mothers in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development, 32(1), 38-49.

Langeland, E. (2024). Emotional well-being. In Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research. 2072-2074. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Malhotra, N. K., Nunan, D., & Birks, D. F. (2020). Marketing research. Pearson UK

Morris, S. G. (2025). The impact of moral beliefs on personal and societal well-being. In Moral Damages: The Case for Abolishing Morality (pp. 193-218). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.

Muarifah, A., Widyastuti, D. A., & Fajarwati, I. (2024). The effect of social support on single mothers’ subjective well-being and its implication for counseling. Jurnal Kajian Bimbingan dan Konseling, 4(4), 13.

Mukherjee, S. P. (2019). A guide to research methodology: An overview of research problems, tasks and methods. CRC Press.

Nwagwu, W. E., & Maxwell, F. U. (2025). Influence of sociocultural factors on the reading habits and well-being of postgraduate students. Educational Dimension.

Ongeri, L., Nyawira, M., Kariuki, S. M., Theuri, C., Bitta, M., Penninx, B. & Tijdink, J. (2022). Sociocultural perspectives on suicidal behaviour at the coast region of Kenya: an exploratory qualitative study. BMJ open, 12(4), e056640.

Owolabi, T. J. (2023). Socio-economic factors influencing single parenting among unmarried mothers In Nigeria. Doctoral dissertation, North-West University South Africa.

Pawar, N. (2020). Type of research and type research design. Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 46-57.

Pollmann-Schult, M. (2020). Single motherhood and life satisfaction: The effect of financial strain, work-life conflict and cultural norms. J Fam Issues, 39, 2061-84.

Ralte, Z., & Zehol, L. T. (2020). Single mothers challenges in Mizo society. Mizoram Univ J Humanit Soc Sci, 7, 103-15.

Rosli, M. S., Saleh, N. S., Alshammari, S. H., Ibrahim, M. M., Atan, A. S., & Atan, N. A. (2021). Improving Questionnaire Reliability using Construct Reliability for Researches in Educational Technology. Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technol., 15(4), 109-116.

Stack, R. J., & Meredith, A. (2018). The impact of financial hardship on single parents: An exploration of the journey from social distress to seeking help. Journal of family and economic issues, 39, 233-242.

Suwardani, N. P., & Yasintha, P. N. (2019). Religious Coping Strategy Management On Social Cultural Pressure In Single Mother. Grand Academic Portal.

Ulbert, C. (2014). Social constructivism. In Theories of international relations (pp. 248-268). Routledge.

Willie, M. M. (2024). Population and Target Population in Research Methodology. Golden Ratio of Social Science and Education, 4(1), 75-79.

Downloads

Published

2026-01-30

How to Cite

Mungai, T. W. (2026). Influence of Societal Beliefs on Emotional Well-Being of Single Mothers: A Case of Selected Churches in Mombasa County. Scholar Africa Journal of Innovation, 1(1), 48–62. Retrieved from https://sajijournal.org/publication/index.php/SAJI/article/view/5

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.